食品塑料包裝的歷史與發(fā)展

　　The History and Development of Plastic Food Packaging

　　食品塑料包裝自 20 世紀(jì)初問世以來經(jīng)歷了快速發(fā)展。最早的塑料包裝材料如酚醛塑料主要用于工業(yè)。隨著時間的推移，聚乙烯、聚丙烯等諸多新型塑料材料誕生，它們被廣泛應(yīng)用于食品包裝領(lǐng)域。20 世紀(jì)中后期，塑料包裝憑借其輕便、經(jīng)濟(jì)及卓越的阻隔性能逐步取代傳統(tǒng)的玻璃和金屬包裝，成為食品包裝的主流材料。

　　Food plastic packaging has experienced rapid development since its emergence in the early 20th century. The earliest plastic packaging materials, such as phenolic plastics, were mainly used in industry. With the passage of time, many new plastic materials such as polyethylene and polypropylene have emerged and are widely used in the field of food packaging. In the mid to late 20th century, plastic packaging gradually replaced traditional glass and metal packaging with its lightweight, economical, and excellent barrier properties, becoming the mainstream material for food packaging.

　　食品塑料包裝的材料

　　Materials for food plastic packaging

　　食品塑料包裝材料種類繁多，其中，聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚氯乙烯等最為常見。這些材料各具特色，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域廣泛。聚乙烯因具備良好的耐寒性和柔韌性，常被用于食品袋和保鮮膜的生產(chǎn)；聚丙烯因其出色的耐高溫性能常見于微波爐食品包裝中；聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯因其透明度高和強(qiáng)度大被用于制作飲料瓶。每一種材料都有其獨特的用途，為食品包裝行業(yè)提供了豐富的選擇。近年來，新型環(huán)保塑料如聚乳酸、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯等逐漸嶄露頭角。這些材料以其可降解的特點，預(yù)示著未來可能取代傳統(tǒng)塑料的可能性，為實現(xiàn)減輕塑料污染的目標(biāo)提供了有力支持。

　　There are various types of plastic packaging materials for food, among which polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, and others are the most common. These materials have their own characteristics and a wide range of applications. Polyethylene is often used in the production of food bags and cling films due to its excellent cold resistance and flexibility; Polypropylene is commonly used in microwave food packaging due to its excellent high temperature resistance; Polyethylene terephthalate is used to make beverage bottles due to its high transparency and strength. Each material has its unique purpose, providing a rich selection for the food packaging industry. In recent years, new environmentally friendly plastics such as polylactic acid and polybutylene succinate have gradually emerged. These materials, with their biodegradable properties, indicate the possibility of replacing traditional plastics in the future, providing strong support for achieving the goal of reducing plastic pollution.

　　食品塑料包裝的生產(chǎn)過程

　　The production process of food plastic packaging

　　食品塑料包裝的生產(chǎn)過程涵蓋塑料原料的合成、包裝材料的成型以及包裝產(chǎn)品的加工。塑料原料的合成塑料大多源自石油，經(jīng)化學(xué)反應(yīng)得以裂解成乙烯、丙烯等基礎(chǔ)單體。隨后這些單體通過巧妙的聚合反應(yīng)，化身為聚乙烯、聚丙烯等高分子聚合物。為便于后續(xù)加工，這些聚合物常被精細(xì)地塑造成顆粒或粉末之態(tài)。

　　The production process of food plastic packaging includes the synthesis of plastic raw materials, the molding of packaging materials, and the processing of packaging products. Most synthetic plastics made from plastic raw materials are derived from petroleum and can be broken down into basic monomers such as ethylene and propylene through chemical reactions. Subsequently, these monomers undergo clever polymerization reactions to transform into high molecular weight polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene. For the convenience of subsequent processing, these polymers are often finely shaped into particles or powders.

　　包裝材料的成型擠出成型　這是最常見的塑料成型方法之一，適用于生產(chǎn)薄膜、管材和片材等。將塑料顆粒加熱熔融，經(jīng)過擠出機(jī)中的螺桿擠壓，通過模頭形成連續(xù)的薄膜或片材，然后通過冷卻和收卷形成最終產(chǎn)品。擠出成型具有生產(chǎn)效率高、產(chǎn)品尺寸穩(wěn)定等優(yōu)點。吹塑成型　主要用于生產(chǎn)中空容器，如瓶子和罐子。吹塑成型分為擠出吹塑和注射吹塑。擠出吹塑將熔融塑料通過擠出機(jī)擠出，形成管狀坯料，然后在模具中通過壓縮空氣吹脹成型。注射吹塑則是先將塑料注射成型為預(yù)成型件，然后再通過壓縮空氣吹脹成型。注塑成型　適用于生產(chǎn)形狀復(fù)雜的塑料包裝產(chǎn)品。注塑成型通過注射機(jī)將熔融塑料注射到模具中冷卻成型。注塑成型具有生產(chǎn)周期短、產(chǎn)品精度高等優(yōu)點。包裝產(chǎn)品的加工成型后的塑料包裝材料加工并未結(jié)束，還需要經(jīng)過一系列精細(xì)的后續(xù)工藝。這些材料需要經(jīng)過印刷工藝，將圖案和品牌信息鐫刻其上，使其不僅僅是包裝，更成為品牌傳播的媒介。經(jīng)過切割工藝，塑料片材被加工成所需的形狀與大小，使其與食品完美契合。熱封工藝則為容器筑起密封屏障，保障食品的新鮮與安全。在這個過程中，現(xiàn)代化的食品塑料包裝生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)離不開自動化與智能化設(shè)備的支持，這些設(shè)備的應(yīng)用極大地提升了生產(chǎn)效率，進(jìn)一步提高了產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。

　　Extrusion molding of packaging materials is one of the most common plastic molding methods, suitable for producing films, pipes, and sheets. Heating and melting plastic particles, extruding them through the screw in the extruder, forming a continuous film or sheet through the die, and then forming the final product through cooling and winding. Extrusion molding has the advantages of high production efficiency and stable product size. Blow molding is mainly used for producing hollow containers, such as bottles and cans. Blow molding is divided into extrusion blow molding and injection blow molding. Extrusion blow molding extrudes molten plastic through an extruder to form a tubular billet, which is then inflated into shape in a mold using compressed air. Injection blow molding is the process of first injecting plastic into a preform, and then inflating it with compressed air to form it. Injection molding is suitable for producing plastic packaging products with complex shapes. Injection molding uses an injection machine to inject molten plastic into a mold and cool it to form. Injection molding has the advantages of short production cycle and high product accuracy. The processing of plastic packaging materials after the molding of packaging products is not yet complete, and a series of refined subsequent processes are still required. These materials need to undergo printing technology to engrave patterns and brand information on them, making them not only packaging, but also a medium for brand communication. Through cutting technology, plastic sheets are processed into the desired shape and size, making them perfectly fit with food. The heat sealing process builds a sealed barrier for the container to ensure the freshness and safety of the food. In this process, modern food plastic packaging production cannot do without the support of automation and intelligent equipment. The application of these devices greatly improves production efficiency and further enhances product quality.

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